Part I: (Matching) Use words from the list provided to fill in the blanks in the following essay on the Central Dogma by placing the correct letter in the blanks provided. Each blank is worth two points. Some words may be used more than once; some may not be used at all! The words to be used can be found on the attached sheet. Be sure to insert the letter and not the word. Also note that capital and lower case letters are used to identify word. Be sure to use the correct case when supplying the answer. As always, chose the best right answer.

DNA is the biochemical material which stores genetic information from generation to generation. DNA is composed of two polymers of alternating 1.______ sugar molecules and 2.______ molecules. These two strands are configured into a double helix and are said to be 3.______ to each other in orientation. Each sugar molecule in DNA has either a large (relatively larger chemical structure) nitrogenous base called a 4.______ or a small nitrogenase base (relatively smaller chemical structure) called a 5.______ attached to it's carbon #1. There are commonly two forms of the large base found DNA. These are 6.______ and 7.______. Likewise there are two forms of the smaller base. In DNA these are commonly 8.______ and 9.______.
In bacteria, the DNA of the bacterial chromosome is 10.______. Therefore, there are no 5' or 3' ends to the DNA backbones. However, the enzyme that synthesizes DNA in the bacterial cell, 11.______, requires both a
12. ______ which the enzyme reads 3' 5' and a 12.______ to which it adds nucleotides to the 3' end, thus synthesizing a new strand in a 5' 3' direction.

Initiation of replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at the 13.______ and proceeds 14.______ around the chromosome forming a Theta-(Q)-like structure. Replication begins on the 15. ______ strand when 16. ______ synthesizes a primer of 17. ______. The primer on the lagging strand is made by the enzyme 18. ______. While synthesis on the leading strand is "continuous," synthesis on the lagging strand is discontinuous and the DNA is made in small pieces know as Okazaki Fragments. The primers are removed from the replicating molecule and replaced with DNA by the enzyme 19. ______.
When a gene on DNA is expressed an 20. ______ copy is transcribed from the 21. ______ strand of the DNA which is uses as a 22. ______ that is read 3' 5'. The enzyme that makes this copy is called 23. ______. Unlike DNA polymerase, this enzyme dose not require a 24. ______. Transcription begins when the sigma (s) factor of the enzyme interacts with the 25. _____. This sequence in the DNA consists of the Pribnow Box and "-35 region" consensus sequences. The RNA transcript differs from DNA in that it contains the following four nitrogenous bases: 26. ______, 27. ______, 28. ________, and 29. _____. In addition, the sugar in this nucleic acid is 30. _____ and not 31. ___. Three types of RNA are transcribed: 32. ______, 33. _____, and 34. ____. Only 35. _____ is translated into protein. 36. ______ is the most abundant type of RNA in the cell if measured by molecular mass. This class of RNA is a structural part of the organelle called a 37.______. The most structurally diverse (in sequence and size) class of RNA is 38.______.
Translation of nucleic acid into protein takes place on an organelle called a 39.______. The actual translation is a function of a class of small RNA's know as 40.______'s. These molecules have a sequence of three nucleotides called the 41.______ which is complementary and anti-parallel to the 42.______ which is found in the 43.______. Protein synthesis is always initiated at a unique 44.______. Its sequence (5'3') is 45.______. It codes for the amino acid 46.______. The nucleic acid encoding the sequence of amino acids in the protein is read 47.______. The protein is synthesized from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. Protein synthesis terminates when a 48.______ codon (also called a 49.______ codon) is reached. Energy for protein synthesis is supplied by 50.______ which is not the trinucleotide which is usually used to store and supply energy for biological reactions.
Part II: Other Questions
51. (10 points) In a short essay of approximately 50 words (but not to exceed the space provided, explain what is meant by the statement:

52. (10 points)
A. Draw a diagram of a complex virion:
B. Draw a diagram of an enveloped, icosahedral virion:
53. (10 points)
A. Transcribe the most probable messenger RNA molecule from this DNA molecule:
Nonsense Strand
5'--TATAATCCCCCGAAGGCATGGCGTCTTTCCATTAGCCCGAC--3'
-10 -1,1 5 10 20 30
3'--ATATTAGGGGGCTTCCGTACCGCAGAAAGGTAATCGGGCTG--5'
Sense Strand
B. Translate the messenger RNA you made in Part A into an amino acid sequence (Show the N-terminus and C-terminus of the sequence.)
54. (10 points) Consider a Repressible Operon such as the Arginine Operon of Escherichia coli.
A. Draw the state of the operon when arginine is present in excess amounts in the cell. Be sure to label the repressor, promotor, structural genes, operator, and corepressor.
B. Now draw the state of the operon when arginine is not present in the cell. Be sure to include the same elements listed in Part A in your drawing.
55. (10 points) Draw a One-Step Growth Curve for a lytic bacteriophage. Be sure to label the axes of the graph correctly. Also identify the Latent Period and the Relative Burst Size on the graph.

Part I: Matching.
The following terms should be used to fill in the blanks in part one of the test. Be sure to insert the letter and not the word. Also note that capital and lower case letters are used to identify word. Be sure to use the correct case when supplying the answer.
A. 3'---->5'
B. 5'---->3'
C. RNA
D. hRNA
E. mRNA
F. pRNA
G. qRNA
H. rRNA
I. tRNA
J. ATP
K. GTP
L. AUG
M. GAU
N. GUA
O. UAG
P. UUU
Q. adenine
R. anti-codon
S. anti-parallel
T. aspartic acid
U. bidirectionally
V. circular
W. cytosine
X. codon
Y. deoxyribose
Z. DNA polymerase I
a. DNA polymerase II
b. DNA polymerase III
c. glucose
d. guanine
e. lagging
f. leading
g. linear
h. methionine
i. nitrate
j. nonsense
k. nucleosomel. origin of replication
m. parallel
n. phenylalanine
o. phosphate
p. point of replication
q. point of termination
r. primase
s. primer
t. promoter
u. purine
v. pyrimidine
w. ribose
x. ribosome
y. RNA polymerase
z. sense
AA. stop
BB. template
CC. thymine
DD. unidirectionally
EE. uracil
FF. valine